How to Use the Z.TEST Function in Excel

Hypothesis tests are one of the major topics in the area of inferential statistics. There are multiple steps to conduct a hypothesis test and many of these require statistical calculations. Statistical software, such as Excel, can be used to perform hypothesis tests. We will see how the Excel function Z.TEST tests hypotheses about an unknown population mean. Conditions and Assumptions We begin by stating the assumptions and conditions for this type of hypothesis test. For inference about the mean we must have the following simple conditions: The sample is a simple random sample.The sample is small in size relative to the population. Typically this means that the population size is more than 20 times the size of the sample.The variable being studied is normally distributed.The population standard deviation is known.The population mean is unknown. All of these conditions are unlikely to be met in practice. However, these simple conditions and the corresponding hypothesis test are sometimes encountered early in a statistics class. After learning the process of a hypothesis test, these conditions are relaxed in order to work in a more realistic setting. Structure of the Hypothesis Test The particular hypothesis test we consider has the following form: State the null and alternative hypotheses.Calculate the test statistic, which is a z-score.Calculate the p-value by using the normal distribution. In this case the p-value is the probability of obtaining at least as extreme as the observed test statistic, assuming the null hypothesis is true.Compare the p-value with the level of significance to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. We see that steps two and three are computationally intensive compared two steps one and four. The Z.TEST function will perform these calculations for us. Z.TEST Function The Z.TEST function does all of the calculations from steps two and three above. It does a majority of the number crunching for our test and returns a p-value. There are three arguments to enter into the function, each of which is separated by a comma. The following explains the three types of arguments for this function. The first argument for this function is an array of sample data. We must enter a range of cells that corresponds to the location of the sample data in our spreadsheet.The second argument is the value of  ÃŽ ¼ that we are testing in our hypotheses. So if our null hypothesis is H0:  ÃŽ ¼ 5, then we would enter a 5 for the second argument.The third argument is the value of the known population standard deviation. Excel treats this as an optional argument Notes and Warnings There are a few things that should be noted about this function: The p-value that is output from the function is one-sided. If we are conducting a two-sided test, then this value must be doubled.The one-sided p-value output from the function assumes that the sample mean is greater than the value of  ÃŽ ¼ we are testing against. If the sample mean is less than the value of the second argument, then we must subtract the output of the function from 1 to get the true p-value of our test.The final argument for the population standard deviation is optional. If this is not entered, then this value is automatically replaced in Excel’s calculations by the sample standard deviation. When this is done, theoretically a t-test should be used instead. Example We suppose that the following data are from a simple random sample of a normally distributed population of unknown mean and standard deviation of 3: 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 8, 10, 12 With a 10% level of significance we wish to test the hypothesis that the sample data are from a population with mean greater than 5. More formally, we have the following hypotheses: H0: ÃŽ ¼ 5Ha:  ÃŽ ¼ 5 We use Z.TEST in Excel to find the p-value for this hypothesis test. Enter the data into a column in Excel. Suppose this is from cell A1 to A9Into another cell enter Z.TEST(A1:A9,5,3)The result is 0.41207.Since our p-value exceeds 10%, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. The Z.TEST function can be used for lower tailed tests and two tailed tests as well. However the result is not as automatic as it was in this case. Please see here for other examples of using this function.

Explore the Ways Steinbeck Presents and Develops...

Explore the ways Steinbeck presents and develops relationships between Crooks and the other characters in the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ †¢ How Steinbeck uses language and structure to reveal these relationships to the reader †¢ The significance of these relationships Crooks is a pivotal character in the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck, as Steinbeck uses Crooks to represent the prejudice and racism that black Americans suffering during 1930s’ society. Therefore the reader is able to empathise with Crooks because Steinbeck reveals to the reader what society was like during the Great Depression. Throughout the novel we are able to recognise Crooks’ situation and we witness how Crooks’ dream of a better life has never come about, and as†¦show more content†¦Ya see the stable buck’s a nigger†. This suggests how Candy doesn’t see anything wrong with the boss beating Crooks just because he’s a ‘nigger’, Candy then goes onto call the boss â€Å"Nice fell too† which is positive descriptions for someone who unreasonably takes their frustration out on someone. However in chapter 3 of the novel, the reader finally meets Crooks for theirselves .Crooks enters the bunkhouse to tell Slim about a job he has just done for him, Steinbeck describes his arrival as â€Å"the door opened quietly and the stable buck puts in his head; a lean negro head, lined with pain, the eyes patient† from this description the reader can see how Crooks is a gentle character who has learnt to be cautious with his actions. Steinbeck description of Crooks depicts his suffering in depth as Steinbeck uses his facial features to describe his pain, as the pain Crooks feels isn’t visible to the workers as they’re oblivious to what the isolation he suffers. However to the reader the pain is very noticeable as they’re aware of his isolation, and are able to understand how his pain is visible in his facial features. Steinbeck describes Crooks’ eyes as â€Å"patient† provoking the reader is able to notice how he’s learnt to be pas sive and polite when he’s around the workers. Crooks wants to be helpful to Slim and agrees to do more jobs for him as he sees Slim as a genuine person who deserves respect. Steinbeck describes Crooks asShow MoreRelatedIsolation And Of Mice And Men By James Joyce2480 Words   |  10 PagesExplore the ways in which the theme of isolation is presented in Dubliners and Of Mice and Men. Isolation - a complete, or near-complete lack of contact with people or society. People can either ostracise you, deliberately shunning you out, which is mainly the type which can be found in the books which we have studied, or it can be very accidental. From The Dubliners, a collection of short stories, I have selected two that I feel can be related to themes of isolation and withdrawal: First, The DeadRead MoreExplore the Way the Writer Presents the Relationship Between George and Lennie in of Mice and Men3909 Words   |  16 PagesExplore the way the writer presents the relationship between George and Lennie in â€Å"Of Mice and Men† Of Mice and Men was written in the 1937 by John Steinbeck, he other well know books as the Grapes of Wrath and East of Eden, h also received a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. This book is set in the 1930s and set in California, his home region. During this time, the USA was suffering from a great depression, this meant that it was hard to find job because the economy was very weak, so to findRead MoreHeroes and Villains: Explore the ways sympathy for and/or dislike of a character is created in the text you have studied.2275 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Heroes and Villains: Explore the ways sympathy for and/or dislike of a character is created in the text you have studied. INTRODUCTION: In the novella ‘Of Mice and Men’, Steinbeck has used many different language features in order to create such a complex and sophisticated character whom I will be investigating - Curley’s wife. Curley’s wife is a pivotal character. She has been presented as a villain in the early stages of the book and her character seems to unravel as we read on. As a readerRead MoreHow Far Do You Agree That Curley’s Wife Is a Victim and Deserves Our Sympathy?2816 Words   |  12 PagesThe novel Of Mice and Men was written by John Steinbeck in 1936. It is set in the society of the 1920s. The author sets up our perception of the character Curleys wife in a way that allows us to develop our understanding of her, and enables us to later decide how far we agree that she is an innocent and vulnerable victim, or a manipulator who deserves her fate. We are first introduced to the character Curleys wife in chapter two by Candy. We immediately see her being blamed for causing

Mental Health Clinical Reflection - 1921 Words

Clinical Reflection Paper My experience in mental health clinical was very different from any other clinical I had before. In a mental health clinical setting, I am not only treating client’s mental illnesses, I am also treating their medical problems such as COPD, diabetes, chronic renal failure, etc. Therefore, it is important to prepare for the unexpected events. In this mental health clinical, I learned that the importance of checking on my clients and making sure that they are doing fine by performing a quick head-to toes assessment at the beginning of my shift. I had also learned that client’s mental health illness had a huge impact on their current medical illness. Before my shift started, I did my research about my new client†¦show more content†¦4). Therefore, I asked nurse A to stay with us while I was administrating the puffers to client W because that was my first time giving inhalers, so I wanted to make sure that I was using the proper techniques. Afterwards, I stayed with the client for at least 10 to 15 minutes just to make sure his breathing is stable after administrated his inhalers. Most Challenging Aspect of The Clinical Situation The most challenging aspect of this clinical situation was that the client always wants to run away from us as soon as he believes he is doing fine and does not need to be with the nurses. It was hard to deal with a client who loves to seek attention, as soon as he gets a hold of the nurse and gets what he wants, he just wanted to run away from the nurse. Working with a client with such behaviours, I would wonder if I, as a nurse was taking too long to provide the care that he receives every day from other nurses. I wanted to make sure that the client’s condition is stable, as Canadian Nurses Association (2008) stated one of the nursing values and ethical responsibilities is that â€Å"[n]urses work with people to enable them to attain their highest possible level of health and well-being† (p. 10). It was my responsibility to make sure my client’sShow MoreRelatedReflection On Mental Health802 Words   |  4 PagesIn my opinion, mental illness is also called psychiatric disorder, which affects an individual’s way of thinking, behaving and perceiving, and interacting with other people. Upon reflection, I felt that my anxiety was largely due to my negative preconceptions about mental illness especially my belief that mentally ill people are violent, unpredictable, and dangerous. These views were not only a result of a lack of knowledge about mental illness but also due to the impact of negative media and culturalRead MoreElectroconvulsive Theory Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pagesassignment the experience of attending Electro-Convulsive Therapy will be discussed. It will include rationale for the procedure, an account of the procedure and the student nurses reflection on the experience using Gibbs’ model of reflection (Jasper 2003). Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical treatment for severe mental illness in which a small, carefully controlled amount of electricity is int roduced into the brain. This electrical stimulation, used in conjunction with anaesthesia and muscleRead MoreA Interview On A Clinical Mental Health Counselor810 Words   |  4 Pageshad with Heather Smith, a clinical mental health counselor. It will further explore a day to day basis on how working as a clinical mental health counselor, may be. Lastly, it will also reflect my personal reflections about my future as a counselor based on information learned in this course. Narrative Summary of Interview On October 26, I had the pleasure of interviewing Heather Smith a clinical mental health counselor. Heather Smith is a licensed clinical mental health counselor in Alexandria VirginiaRead MorePhilosophy Essay722 Words   |  3 Pagespsychological studies only in the late 19th century. One of philosophy of psychologys concerns is to evaluate the merits of the many different schools of psychology that have been and are practiced. For example, cognitive psychologys use of internal mental states might be compared with behaviorism, and the reasons for the widespread rejection of behaviorism in the mid-20th century examined. Topics that fall within philosophy of mind, of course, go back much farther. For example, questions about theRead MoreClinical Practices Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Clinical Practices Tammy Turner ABA RN, BSN Hsn 552 November 4, 2013 Susan Dolinar PhD, RN, CNE Clinical Practices For the needs of the patients, families, and the health care consumers, and health care practice current assessment practices should be maintained by using evidence –based practices. Health care professionals are expected to demonstrate competent practice within the society. Determining sufficient of clinical assessments and the evaluation of the nursingRead MoreInitial Case Planning For Taking Over Christian s Care976 Words   |  4 Pages Initial case planning for taking over Christian’s care will involve a comprehensive review of his previous notes, hence serving an exceptional understanding of his mental health needs and hypothesis to be made to probe further investigation and appropriate interventions. A review of Christian’s discharge summary will provide a clear picture of what has been happening and also what intervention strategies have been implemented. A study (deCathelineau, 2014) state that in order to provide best patientRead MoreInitial Case Planning For Taking Over Christian s Care959 Words   |  4 Pages 2. Initial case planning Initial case planning for taking over Christian’s care will involve a comprehensive review of his previous notes hence serving a good understanding of his mental health needs and hypothesis to be made to probe further investigation and appropriate interventions. A review of Christians discharge summary will give a clear picture of what has been happening and also what interventions strategies have been implemented. A study (deCathelineau, 2014) state that in order toRead MoreThe Theory Of The Change Theory1400 Words   |  6 Pagespractices, simulation design characteristics, and outcomes (See Figure 1). The success of the MH restraint HFS will depend on the five variables of the outcomes component. Learning should be as effective through the use of HFS versus traditional clinical hours (Hayden, Smiley, Alexander, Kardong-Edgren, Jeffries, 2014, p. S3). Students can learn skills performance in a safe setting through simulation (Billings Halstead, 2012, p. 341). Learner will express satisfaction through quantitative andRead MoreReflective Practices and Health Care Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, reflection and reflective practice have become well-known term with in the health care arena. They are words that have been debated and discussed with in the health care setting (Tony and Sue 2006). Reflective practice is essential for nurses, as nurses are responsible for providing care to the best of their ability to patients and their families (NMC, 2008). Reid (1993) states reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluateRead MoreThe Experience Of A Professional Mental Health Counselor1356 Words   |  6 Pagesto a Professional Mental Health Counselor was very informative on October 19, 2015, I had a chance to meet K.W. she is a License Professional Counselor in Mental Health that holds her (LCPC) for the last ten (10) years. Ms. K.W. also holds her Therapist license in the arena of counseling for the last past six (6) years were her services of care is Mental Health, and Addiction Counseling were her population is men and women that struggles with addiction problems and mental health that is called co-occurring

Gig a New Technology for Labour and Research-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGig a New Technology for Labour and Research. Answer: Introduction Gig Technology is an important aspect of Gig Economy that is emerging in the corporate sector as an effective and productive technology. In this concern, the report is evaluating the Gig technology in terms of adjusting to a new technology in the 21st century and its implication in different terms. Gig a new Technology In the present business environment, Gig Technology is an emerging technology in gig economy, which refers to the environment in which an organization may deal with self-governing workers for short-term arrangements. In the 21st century, the gig technology is rapidly emerging industry because it provides flexible work environment for the professional. Gig economy is also known as sharing economy in term of technology because both of the economies are based on the use similar technology but have some difference. In sharing economy, the government, organizations and individuals access the goods and services among the community through online platforms but in gig economy the workers track the work on their interest, availability and location through online platform (Friedman, 2014). Ultimately, the gig technology is defined as an environment, where the organizations provide flexible job opportunities towards hiring of freelancers and independent contractors. It works through various onl ine platforms where the interested workers can get work based on their interest and related field. This economy is compared with barter economy in which the goods and services are mostly exchanged to receive values in new way for effective results. In this way, the social norms and the traditions govern exchange of gifts for values. Therefore, barter economy is similar to gig economy in terms of creating values and almost has no any differences to gig economy. In both economies the values are exchanged to promote the workers as well as the customers. Additionally, the peer economy is almost different to gig economy and has no similarities in any concern (King, 2014). Because the peer economy is a decentralized form where the individuals are interrelate directly with each other to buy and sell goods and services without intermediation of third party. But the gig economy involves third party to provide work and services to the needed person. As well as, the term On-Demand economy is also similar to gig economy, which defines economic activities that are created by the technological organizations to fulfill the consumer demands. On-Demand economy drives its services by the use of efficient and instinctive digital web of top infrastructure networks. As gig economy, the term On-demand economy is revolutionized the commercial behavior around the world. On the other hand, the term access economy is different from gig economy because this kind of economy refers to leasing of things provisionally rather than selling permanently (Richardson, 2015). But, it is also similar to the gig economy as it is used to connect with employers for short term employment opportunities. Role of Gig Technology in the present economy On the basis of above discussion it can be identified in terms of benefits, office space and training the Gig technology plays big role in present economy. In this concern, different terms that are affected by gig technology discussed as below: Corporate and organizational culture: As Gig economy is also known as sharing economy, which is changing the scenario of business operations. The Gig technology is becoming helpful for the corporate and organizational culture to expose workers for with opportunities. In the present context, gig economy changed the workforce and employee relationships in different way (Graham et al., 2017). Through Gig Technology the workers provide their services with flexible working environments. Educational Sector and Knowledge Management: The Gig Technology is helpful in hiring freelancer talent that will help them to find people with the admirable qualifications in the related field. Contract basis jobs in the education sector are keeping pace with the flexible work growth. Gig technology increased the demand of high specialization educators such as virtual teacher, program educator, and tutor for better results. In this concern, many teachers and educators are hired for virtual position by the educational organizations. Therefore, online education is providing high quality education, which can fit for intended human needs and lives. On the other hand, with the help of gig economy organizations received complaints from the client as well as other team member (Friedman, 2014). The organizations can address all the tactical and strategic requirements to increase the client awareness and increase competitive pressures. Therefore, the Gig Technology is helpful for the educatio nal sector and knowledge management. Legal, Financial, Tax and Union related issues: In the present era, there is a rapid growth in the internet marketing platform, which have curved to spotlight on the labor laws. These increasing changes with new working platform have been created productive changes in the organizational policies. In an organization, to make the work related sense several types of laws and policies such as occupational safety, health law and income security laws are followed in proper way (Aloisi, 2015). But, in case of freelancer employees there will be not required for the employers to pay any taxes to the contractor and also not required to follow different laws and policies for the workers. Female Entrepreneurs (gender related themes): In recent, a female had only two options one is to lean in the job and other one is to opt out from the workplace. In this regard, the organizations are refusing these limitations for them with the help of gig technology. Through the gig technology, the organizations are providing a working platform, which opens different alternative for female workers with time flexibility. Hence, the Gig Technology is beneficial for the female workers who are qualified and want to work further. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that Gig technology changed the working scenario of the organizations with working flexibility for the professionals. In this sense, it is observed that the Gig Technology may be used by the organization as a new technology to recruit better professionals and expand the business at global level. References Aloisi, A. (2015) Commoditized workers: Case study research on labor law issues arising from a set of on-demand/gig economy platforms.Comp. Lab. L. Pol'y J.,37, pp. 653-657. Friedman, G. (2014) Workers without employers: shadow corporations and the rise of the gig economy.Review of Keynesian Economics,2(2), pp. 171-188. Graham, M., Hjorth, I., and Lehdonvirta, V. (2017) Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods.Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research,23(2), pp. 135-162. King, M. W. (2014) Protecting and representing workers in the new gig economy.New Labor in New York. Precarious Workers and the Future of the Labor Movement, pp. 150-170. Richardson, L. (2015) Performing the sharing economy.Geoforum,67, pp. 121-129.